Maring Grammar

                              Maring Grammar by Moshining Maring

      

Wai 1.1:TLOU

Tlou toubi ung â tlaipang thimini bangei youbini yrengchabi, yunrilbi katlei. Tlaipangei hou kounakni lhang hoibi, thimi khat khatdei karbupna tlakra pao-lâ murilphananung yrengchabi klei chutcha knai youkna heiya tlou toubi ung. Tlou ari tlaipang thimiyei yunril hou heirou hunghoirou.



Tlou â khnitam thukni yrengchabi thimi khatle-khat murilphayerlei. Khatni aya yunbini yrengcha yalei, khatni myebini yrengcha yalei. Myebini yrengcha tlou heinungtlimri yunbini yrengcha tlouni duini lilkhoi. Ngamri lim limmei yunril tlouni myebini yrengcha tlou heiya duini msing chunglei.


Tlaipang thimiyei hou thukyer â khnapur (nasal) khatni mur / takka (oral) arou thukyerlei. Hou aya khnapurouwei thukyerko nimanung murrei thukyerko tou muphananung kani khnapur tipbini hou thukyerthibi mupharou. Kounak heirou hou thuk donguranungri hou hei khnapurei thuk houme tou mupharou.


Mlei ani tlaipang thimiyei tlou yunnarou lilkhoini rui urlei. Mlei ani takkarei klei bi kantangra thirbini tlaipangei hou kounak thukyer manilei. Kani thimikhatdei mlei aya phangatam thukni khaithut yalei. 1) Mlei sur (tip), 2) Mlei bâp (blade), 3) Maibang mlei (front), 4) Mlei hil (back), le 5) Mlei yrung (root). Mleini maibang-hâ (front teeth) thirbi thukyer hou heiya kani dental toubi ung.


Thimiyei mur/takka marchipnaroukhi hou lhai lhai thukyer manilei Murchi khnitam karchipbi thukyer hou (p, b), murchi phothutbi thukyer hou (o, u), kalhonni murchini hâle karthengrilbi thukyer hou (f, v) arap aya muphalei. Murchi khnitam karchipbi thukyer hou heiya kani bilabial toubi ung. Murchini hâle karthengbi thukyer hou heiya kani labiodental toubi ung.


MARINGA TLOU: Maringa tlou ari agglutinative kalhonni monosyllabic tloume. Heingamni Affixrapni tlou awei lil urlei. Maringa tlou ari Sino-Tibetan tlourapbei tlakrei klei Southern Naga tlouwei rilra yaolei. Tlou awei grammatical category khminni munanung thangei wairaprou kartâmthutlei.





Genetic Tree: Maring Naga:-
Sino-Tibetan
(tlakra)


Tibeto-Burman
(tlakra)


Naga-Kuki-Meitei
(tlakra)


Southern Naga
(tlakra)


Maring Naga

Churnanung Lhou: Q1. Tlou tou ari kouya ungoo?</font><br> Q2. Myebini yrengcha tlounungtlimri yunbini yrengcha tlouni dui lilkhoi koungammeiyoo? Q3. Thimiyei mlei kounak chungni khaithutleiyoo? Heiyei minlhang myelak. Q4. Bilabial, Labiodental heitoubi Dental kouya ungoo?

Wai 1.2:MYEK-LHA (ALPHABET)

Bangei Maringa nuter-paterrapni Maringa tlou yunkril aya hungroukyou chân kounakroukhi yunriltom nimakni myebi yrengcha yananung toubini myek-lha simthutbini khoukur. Simkhou myek-lharap hei kmit naimaknanung toubi thlungshimra marchalkhoupi toubi nuter-paterrapni yunkhoupilei. Ashinungri lailik khei-sing kathukabiniri Maringayei myek-lha kanre kandangnanung raphathut beimak darkar hoiyura.


Mitkhngouwei myek-lha aya yrengbini ka Maringa tlouwei Alphabetrap akhi 24 (samnilephli) khaithutbini dâkra myethutlei.

P (pa)	T (ta)	K (ka)	Ph (pha)	Th (tha)	Kh (kha)
B (ba)	D (da)	Ch (cha)	M (ma)	N (na)	Ng (nga)
L (la)	R (ra)	H (ha)	W (wa)	Y (ya)	S (sa)
A (â)	E (æ)	I (e)	O (o)	U (u)	 (a)

Alphabetrap aya kanre kandangnanung thangei hung wairaprou kartâmthutlei.


Hou khat yunthutyeinung nil shothutnarei nilsholam heirou niltip, karchiplhâk, pingkhal khatchakhi pimak hou heiya vowel toubi muril. Maringa tloura vowel thruktam thukni leilei. Heirap heiri dâkra minlhang hoini pilei:

a = small letter schwa "â" yei hou e = æ yei hou i = e yei hou o = o wei hou u = u wei hou                                                     â = a yei hou

Wai 1.3:VOWEL

Vowel hourap aya yunthutyei kheenrou mlei le mur heiyei lânglim hilthungni lhai lhaiyei min phukthutlei. Maringayei tlou hilthungni vowel arap aya dâkrei kartâmthut ani kanre kandangthutyerlei.


Tlaipang thimiyei mlei â khyumtam thukni danthut kya. Heirapri Mlei - maibang (Mleisur), Mlei-tlaitam le Mlei-hil.


Mleisurni khângchoubi yunthut vowel heiya front vowel toubi ung. Maringa tloura front vowelrap heiri "i" le "e" me.


Mlei-tlaitamni khângchoubi yunthut vowel heiya central vowel toubi ung. Maringa tloura central vowelrap heiri "a" le "â" me.


Mlei-hilni khângchoubi yunthut vowel heiya back vowel toubi ung. Maringa tloura back vowelrap heiri "o" le "u" me.


Mlei khângchounei khnim-chou hilthungni Maringayei tloura vowel hourap â high, middle, low toubi simthutlei.


Maringa tloura "i" le "u" yunthutyei kheenrou mlei hei dei vowelraprouwei duini chouni khângchoubi yunthutlei. Heingamni "i" aya front kalhonni "u" aya back vowelrapbei "high vowel" toubi mu´kril.


Maringa tloura "e", "a" le "o" yunthutyei kheenrou mlei hei "high" vowelraprouwei beicha khnimni khângchoubi yunthutlei. Heingamni "e" aya front, "a" aya central kalhonni "o" aya back vowelrapbei "middle vowel" toubi ung.


Maringa tloura "â" yunthutyei kheenrou mlei hei koukhi chutmaknakshini leibi yunthutlei. Heingamni "â" aya central vowelrapbei "low vowel" toubi ung.


Dourei yunwurkhou tloubamrap hilthungni hannuikhi thinarou Maringayei vowelrap â yunthut "mur" heiyei marchom hilthungni "rounded" le "unrounded" toubikhi khaithutlei. Maringa tloura "o" le "u" yunthutyei kheenrou murchi phothutbi yunthutlei. Aya rounded vowel toubi ung. Dei vowelrapri yunthutyei kheenrou murchi beicha kancheklei. Heirap heiya unrounded vowel toubi ung. Unrounded vowelrap heiri "i, e, a, le â".


Front Rounded High Middle Low
Unrounded i (e yei hou) e (æ yei hou)
Central Rounded
Unrounded a (â yei hou) â (a hou)
Back Rounded u (u wei hou) o (o wei hou)
Unrounded



Dourei diagram aya kanre kandangni munanung hannuikhi thiyase:


a (â) Middle Central Unrounded Vowel
â (a) Low Central Unrounded Vowel
i (e) High Front Unrounded Vowel
e (æ) Middle Front Unrounded Vowel
o (o) Middle Back Rounded Vowel
u (u) High Back Rounded Vowel



Front Central Back
High i u
Middle e a o
Low â



Maringa tloura vowelri nimak heiya vowelyei hou hoini mu´kna beiri leilei. Heiya kani semi-vowel toubi ung. Vowel "u" le "i" bungbi wathuk hou hei "y" ni runghut hoilei. Heiya kani semi-vowel toubi ung.


Maringa tloura semi-vowel kyao tlou bei leilei. Hutlha hoini:



Ruy = Khiruy;
Nuy = Lhousa-nuy;
Tuy = Lapa-tuy;
Buy = Kounakbuy, khyumbuy anakshi.



Monopthongs le Dipthongs: Vowel khatya khyo?ngni/kanshângni yunthutyeinung aiyei thang tek mallengmanung heinak vowelrap heiya pure-vowels (khying vowelrap) or monopthongs toubi ung. Maringa tloura "i" aya kanshângni yunthutyeinung aiyei thang tek mallengmaklei. Ngam heini "i" â pure vowel khatme toubi lourou.


Vowel khatni kanshângni yunthutyeirou hou heiyei thang mallengkur dawanung heiya kani dipthongs toubi ung. Maringa tloura "khao" aya kanshângni yunyeinung aiyei thang yenmallengkur ngamni aya diphthong toubi ungrou. Vowel khatni diphthong hoinanung vowel hei syllable khatchatom hoirou da.



Khying vowel (pure vowels):
a e
i o
u â


Dipthongs:
ai ao
ei eo
ou oi
ui



Vowel thruktam namyer tlou khatdei maibangra, tlaitamra nimanung hilra khou kya. Vowel phonemerap heiyei yerkaikhaina bamrap dâkra kartâmase.



Initial Medial Final
a An Klah Hilra
e Enni Yen Nute
i Ip Chip Khi
o Om Ton Kho
u Up Khup Lu
â ârhong Pâr Lâ

Churnung lhou: Q1. Vowel kouya ungo? Maringayei vowel kounak phaleiâ Minlhangbi myethutlak. Q2. Thimiyei mlei kounak chungni dantat kyawo? Kou kouya mu´kna Minlhangbi myethutlak. Q3. Khnim-chou hilthungni Maringayei tloura vowel hourap koutoubi simthutleiyo? Minlhangbi myethutlak. Q4. Mur marchom hilthungni Maringayei vowelrap koutoubi khaithutleiyo? Minlhangbi myethutlak. Q5. Monopthongs, Dipthongs kouya ungo

Wai 1.4:CONSONANT

Tlaipang thimini hou khat yunthutnarou nil shothutnei nilsholam heirou nil tip, karchiplhâk, pingkhalnakshi pibi thuk hou heiya consonant toubi ung.



Thimiyei tlou yunnara lilkhoini yrengbi klei vocal organrap beicha kartâmnanung dâkrei myekbi khou diagram aya thiyase:





Kani shuk, sam, shun, shit, sui, shi, lha, hu anakshi yunyeirou sh, s, lh, le h myekrapbei hourap nilsholam pingkhalbi thuk hounakshi myekphalei. Anakshi hourap aya consonant toubi ung.



Kani consonantyei hou muphananung dâkrei bamrap kartâmase.



a. Hourap hei yunthutyeinung kani nilshothutko nimanung nilsholhâkko tou hei lamkrini thirou. Nilshothutbi kyun hou heiya kani explosives toubi mu´kna. Khatni nilsholhâkbi kyun hou heiya kani implosives toubi mu´kna.


b. Hourap hei yunthutyeinung vocal cordraple glottis hei maryâni leiyanung heiya kani voiceless toubi ung. Kounak vocal cordrap karsambi kanthinganung heiya kani voiced toubi ungrou.


c. Hourap hei hannuikhi kani khânapurei hou nimanung murrei hou toubikhi martumthutlei. Soft palate khangchoubi kh´napurei nilsholam tipbini yunthut hou heiya kani oral voice toubi mu´kril.


d. Hourap yunthutyei kheenrou wathuk nilsho heini cavityra (marthikao) karthengkhoubi wathuk hou heiya kani non-pulmonic toubi mu´kna. Kounak nilsho heini dei cavityra karthengkhoumakni hou wathukanungri heiya kani pulmonic toubi ungrou.


e. Hou thukyernanung trängträngei (pharphar) klei murchidâk le mlei aya kani active articulators toubi muâkna. Murchithak le mur thakrei klei namyer kani passive articulators toubi ungrou.


Place of Articulation:-



Consonantrap aya kani articulation bamrap hilthungni minlhangthutlei. Articulation bamrap dâkra myethutbi kartâmase.


i. Bilabial: Nilsholamrou wathuk nilni murchi khnitam marchipbi wathukyer hou heiya bilabial hou toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Pa, Pha, Ba le Ma" arap aya bilabial hou toubi ung.


ii. Dental or Alveolar: Nilsholamrou wathuk nilni hâ nimanung hâli (teeth ridge) le mleisurle karthengbi wathukyer hou heiya dental nimanung alveolar hou toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Ta, Tha, Da, Na le La" aya alveolar hou toubi mu´kril.


iii. Palatal: Mlei maibang ani active articulator heitoubi hard palate ani passive articulator hoibi wathukyer hou heiya palatal hou toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Cha, Ya le Sa" aya palatal hou toubi ung.


iv. Velar: Mleihil ani active articulator heitoubi soft palate ani passive articulator hoibi wathuk hou heiya velar hou toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Ka, Kha le Nga" aya velar hou toubi ung.


v. Glottal: Vocal cord khnini karchipbi nilsholamrei wathuk nil heiya tiplhâkbi wathuk hou heiya glottal hou toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Ha" aya glottal hou toubi mu´kril.



Manner of Articulation: Manner of articulation ani nilsholamra wathuk nil heiya organs of speechrapni koutoubi tip (restrict) nimanung pingkhal namyer muyerlei.



(1) Complete closure: Active articulatorap le passive articulatorap khär karthengrilbi nil heiya murrouwei pothutmaknung (nilshothutmaknung) pingkhal (tipkhal) heiya complete closure toubi ung.



a). Stop: Hou heiya yunthutyeirou nil hei lepchanung nilshothingkhoubi khanglat latbi wathukyer hou heiya stop hou toubi ung.



Maringa tloura "Pa, Ta, Ka, Pha, Tha, Kha, Ba, Da arap aya stop houme toubi mu´kna.



b). Affricates: Active articulator heini passive articulator
heirouwei yoù (slowly) louthutdurbi wathuk nillei hou heiya kani affricates toubi ung. Maringa tloura affricates hou myekphamak.



c). Nasal: Active articulator le passive articulator khär karthengrilbi nilshothingkhoubi soft palateni nimshundabi nil heini khnapurle murra wathuk hou heiya nasal toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Ma, Na le Nga" aya nasal houme toubi mu´kna.



(2). Intermittent closure: Intermittent closure arou soft palateni khângchoubini nil hei khnapura pingkhallei.



a). Rolled or Trills Consonants: Active articulatorni passive articulatora kalleng-kalleng karthengnarou active le passive articulator tlakra nil karlhei hou heiya trills nimanung rolled consonant toubi ung. Maringa tloura anakshiyei hou mak.



b). Taps or Flaps: Active articulatorni passive articulatora hannuitomcha karthengkhoubi ayei bamra kallenglhâklei. Heiya kani flaps toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Ra" â flaps yei hoú.



(3). Partial closure: Active le passive articulatorapni khär karthengbi soft palateni khângchounarou khnapurei nil pingkhallei. Mleiyei thyoi-thyarei klei wânna bamra nil thukyerbi wathuk hou heiya lateral toubi ung. Heiya kani partial closure toubikhi mu´kna. Maringa tloura "La" aya lateral toubi mu´kril.



(4). Close approximation: Nilsholamrei kathuk nil heini active le passive articulatorei karsikna tlakra karlheibi wathuk hou heiya fricatives toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Sa, Ha" aya fricatives hou toubi ung.



Hourap aya yunthutnarou nilsholam pingkhalkur ngamni wathuk nil hei hiltoni leithungurbi "Ha" nakshi hou khat myekphalei. Heiya kani aspiration toubi ung. Kani "Pa, Ta, Ka" hou mletthutyeirou hilra "Ha" nakshi hou khat hiltoni leithung myekphalei. Heiya aspirated hou ungrou.



Dourei kartâmkur bamrap thibi Maringa tlouwei consonant hourapbei articulator descriptionrap dâkra minlhangbi myethutlei.



P=Pa yei hou Bilabial Voiceless Plosives Unaspirated
T=Ta yei hou Alveolar Voiceless Plosives Unaspirated
K=Ka yei hou Velar Voiceless Plosives Unaspirated
Ph=Pha yei hou Bilabial Voiceless Plosives Aspirated
Th=Tha yei hou Alveolar Voiceless Plosives Aspirated
Kh=Kha yei hou Velar Voiceless Plosives Aspirated
B=Ba yei hou Bilabial Voive Plosives Unaspirated
D=Da yei hou Alveolar Voice Plosives Unaspirated
Ch=Cha yei hou Palatal Voiceless Plosives Unaspirated
M=Ma yei hou Bilabial Nasal -- --
N=Na yei hou Alveolar Nasal -- --
Ng=Nga yei hou Velar Nasal -- --
L=La yei hou Alveolar Lateral -- --
R=Ra yei hou Bilabial Voice -- --
H=Ha yei hou Glottal Fricative -- --
W=Wa yei hou Bilabial (Semivowel) -- --
Y=Ya yei hou Palatal (Semivowel) -- --
S=Sa yei hou Palatal Fricative -- --



Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice Voice
less less less less less
P Unas
pirated Ba Pa Da Ta Cha Ka
L
O Aspi
rated Pha Tha Kha
S
I Nasal Ma Na Nga
V
E
Lateral Ra La
Frica
tive Sa Ha
Wa Ya


Dourei kartâmkur hourap hilthungni ka Maringayei tlou arou consonant tangbopni myek-lha 18 (chiple t´chot) lunglei. Heirap heiri minlhang hoini dâkra myethutlei.



P =Pa yei hou T =Ta yei hou K =Ka yei hou
Ph =Pha " Th =Tha " Kh =Kha "
B =Ba " D =Da " Ch =Cha "
M =Ma " N =Na " Ng =Nga "
L =La " R =Ra " H =Ha "
W =Wa " Y =Ya " S =Sa "



Consonant Clusters:
Maringa tloura consonant khni/khyum/phlitambil lhâk yalei. Anak consonantrap aya kani consonant clusters toubi ung.



Initial:
Kwâr Khwa Khrul Khung Kyou
Khman Khyouram Phyui Phyou Klah
Khlung Phrul Mrao Trung Phnei
Thrung Khmong.



Medial:
Chakrung Mantrang Mukyer Heengtrung
Churtrung Manthral Muiknam



Final:
Ping Púng Borh



Consonantrap namyer initial bamra khou kya. Heiya consonant beiri medialra nimanung final bamra khoukhi yalei. Hutlha:



Consonant Initial Medial Final
P Púng Kapâm Khup
T Túng Pater Thut
K Kung Muiâknam Khuk
Ph Phúng Rapha --
Th Thúng Wathuk --
Kh Khúng Lukhum --
B Bung Bebung --
D Dúng Tèdùn --
Ch Chung Wachang --
M Múng Khmong Dum
N Núng Manei Dún
Ng Ngâl Lhangai Dúng
L Lúng Malung Madul
R Rung Korung Mandur
H Hung ârhong Klah
W Wânsang Thangwan --
Y Yúng Wayui Nuy
S Sung Masanung --

Churnung lhou: Q1. Consonant kouya ungo? Q2. Explosives le Implosives yei khit´kna mutlak. Q3. Voiced le Voiceless kouya ungo? Oral voice heini kouya mu´knawo? Q4. Pulmonic le Non-pulmonic khit´kna mutlak. Q5. Active articulators, Passive articulators kouya ungo? Q6. Place of articulation kartâmlak. Q7. Manner of articulation kartâmlak. Q8. Maringayei tloura consonant kounak lungleiyo? Minlhangbi myethutlak. Q9. Consonant cluster kouwo? Initial, medial le final hilthungni hutlha khyumtamsol pilak.

Wai 1.5:TONE

South-east Asia rei klei limrapbei tlounakshini Maringa tlou akhi tone language tloume toubi lourou. Touri tlou chap mâlkna heiya yunthutyei kheenrou chou-khnim hilthungni ayei arthari khitnalei. Lim khatdei tlou chou-khnim humphâbi (mallobi, markumphabi) phalphei knaini marno heiya tlou heiyei phonology toubi ungrou.



Lim khatdei tlou kantang vowel le consonantyei hourap heini tlou heiyei phonemes me toubi lourou. Kani Maringa tloura "Sim" le "Shim" ayei khitkna kartâmnarou tloulhangrapbei youna hou [s] le [â] ani khitkna mutyerlei. Aya kani phonemes lhai-lhairei klei toubi lourou. Hutlha hoini tloulhang bi le lu arou phonemes khni rapha mulei. Khatni /b/ le /i:/ heitoubi khatni /l/ le /u:/ .



Thimi khatdei tlouyun-tlouyai khnim-chou hilthungni "pitch" akhi khit´kna. Ngam heiniri chap mal´kna hourapni karbungbi sim tlourap tlakroukhi artha khitnalei. Heiya kani tone toubi ung.



Maringa tloura:
I: Rui = Thimiya ruipi;
Rui = Phi (punshel) khatdei rui (chirui);
Rui = Ruiphretnakshi rui;
Ruy = Khi ruy;




II: Cha = Yukpuk cha;
Cha = Kanwai cha;
Cha = Phailourei kling cha;
Cha = Mongnungei cha;
Cha = Phi-punshel (acid solutionei) chatat.



III: Chan = Chan singkna;
Chan = Maninanung chan (hul), kpâm
lungnanung chan



Dourei pibi klei hutlharap arou kyao hourap ari chap mal´kna. Heiya pitch yei khit´knari leilei. Hutlha I rou thimiya ruipi arou kyao 'rui' ayei pitch ari chouni kâlei. Aya kani rising tone toubi ungrou. Thangei phi (punshel) khatdei rui arou kyao 'rui' ayei pitch ari yennimshundalei. Aya kani falling tone toubi ungrou. Thangei ruiphretnakshi rui arou kyao 'rui' ari chouni kâkhoubi yennimshundalei. Aya kani rising-falling tone toubi ungrou. Thangei khi ruy arou kyao ruy (rui hou) ayei pitch ari chou-khnim tek makni leilei. Heiya kani level tone toubi ungrou.



Hutlha III rei kyao chan singkna tou arou kyao 'chan' ayei pitch ari chou-khnim tek makni châng khatrou heisi leilei. Thangei Maninanung chan tou arou kyao 'chan' ayei pitch ari yennimshundalei. Heiniri lamkriyei pitch heiya kani level tone heitoubi thangei pitch heini falling tone toubi ungrou.



Level tone (chou nimanung khnim) touri châng khatrou klei syllable heiya static tone rou klei toubikhi ungrou. Kounak pitch heini hungchabi leiyanung heiya kani kinetic tone rou klei toubi ungrou.



Tone Group: Kani tlou khat khyângni yunthutyeinung tlak-tlakrou lipkhaikhoulei (karnganakshi leikhoulei). Lipkhaikhou bam khni heiyei tlakrei klei tlourap heiya kani group hoini simthutlei. Heinak ruprap heiya kani tone group toubi ung.



Hutlha: (1) Kei chak chalei.
(2) Kei wachang yarouko?
(3) Nang Impâl karouko?
(4) Kei thrö dobi, lìng khingbi thinga manlei.



Dourei pi sentencerap ari kani tek lipkhaimakni touri karngakhaimakni yunthut yalei.
(5) Nangni dângra wathukyeinung trükhâr beicha thungkarchipkhoulo.
(6) Nungni kalni rowanung, thrö dobi thinga mannase.



Dourei pi sentencerap ari kani karngakhaibi yunthutlei, touri group khnitam thukme tou muphalei. Aya tone group toubi ungrou. Sentencerap â kani nilshokhaikhoubi yunthut hoibiniri hannuikhi aya breathgroup toubi mu´kril.



International Phonetical Alphabets (IPA) hilthungni thimirapbei tlou kanyerkril hilthungei tone ayakhi lim chungni khaithutlei. Lilkhoini:


(1) Falling Tone (2) Rising Tone
a). Low Fall [ â ] a). Low Rise [ â ]
b). High Fall [ ` ] b). High Rise [ â ]
(3) Falling-Rising [ â ] (4) Rising-Falling [ ˆ ].
(5). Level Tone.



Maringa tlouya kanyerkril hilthnungniri dâkrei tonerap ayatom yrengcharillei. Heiri:




Dâkrei pitch diagramle kalhonni myethut aya thiyase:
á / é / í / ó / ú = High Rise / letter combining acute accent - â
Rúi (ruiching), Chá (kanwaicha), Mán (thimi kman).
à / è / ì / ò / ù = High Fall / letter combining grave accent - â
Rùi (chi-rui/rim), Chà (phailou cha), Màn (ningka man).
â / ê / î / ô / û = Risingfalling/modifier letter circumflex accent - ˆ
Rûi (ruiphret), Châ (cha napawa), Mân (ningka khman).
ä / ë / ï / ö / ü = Centralised nimanung diaeresis - ¨
Antrüitrik, Thrö (thinga manna bungka), khuntrïk.
tº / hº / yº = Voiceless nimanung ring above - â
tâlou, tâlaitam,tâlaipang,tâlaini,Hânu,yârengcha,yârathi.
´ / . = Syllable Break nimanung Greek tonos - â
Mu´kyer, You´kna, Mui´knam, Nung´kngai, Khit´kna.



Dourei pi hutlharap ayei tloulhangrap â aitamtam leiyeinung tone lhai, dei tloule bungni yunphaplanung tone lhaini hungchater. Anakshiya kani kinetic tone toubikhi mu´kna.

Churnung lhou: Q1. Tone kouya ungo? Q2. Level tone kouya ungo? Static le Kinetic toneyei khit´kna mutlak. Q3. Tone group kouya ungo? Breathgroup le kou khit´knawo? Q4. Maringa tloura kounakshi toneya yrengcharilleiyo? Minlhangbi hutlha pilak. Q5. Dâkrei pi tloulhangrap ayei pitch diagram hilthungni ayei artha mallengthutlak:         Chúng;                              Chûng;         Phúng;                              Phûng;         Chá;                                Chà;         Khúng;                              Khung;         Hoú;                                Hoù;         Dún;                                Dùn;         Doú;                                Dou;         Muí;                                Muî.

Wai 2:SYLLABLE

Tlou khat nimanung duiyei kyao tlouya nilsholamra hannuitomrou yunthutbi louningpha / myekpha hou heiya syllable toubi ung. Syllable ari hou khat nimanung khatrou duini simrou. Syllable khat khatya hyphen (-) lhâkbi myerou. 'Malungshi' tou tlou arou syllable khyumtam phalei. Heiri ma-lung-shi. Syllable aya voweltom nimanung vowel le consonantraple karbungbi simrou. Kani hou tumkhattom myekpha hoiyanungri heinak hou heiri vowel hoirou. Maringa tloura â, ai, oi, ui, ut, up, un, an anakshi ari syllable khatchatomnilei. Aya monosyllabic word toubikhi mu´kril. "ai, oi, ui" ari vowel khni leiyanungkhi kani diphthong khatme toubi lourou. Heingamni hou khattom hoibini syllablekhi khatchatom leilei.



Maringa tlou kantangrou vowelni ning (lung/lil) hoibi klei ngamrou vowel aya syllable khatdei nucleus me toubi lourou. Syllable hei consonant khatni lamkri hoiyanung heiya kani releasing consonant toubi ungrou. Consonant heini syllable heiyei luinara leiyanungri heiya kani arresting consonant toubi ungrou. Touri syllable heirou vowelni nucleus hoibi consonantrapni (hil le maibangra) marginal toubi ungrou. Kounak consonantni nucleusyei bamra leiyanungri heiya kani syllabic consonant toubi ungrou.



Maringa tloura syllable simnanung consonant khyumtambil lhâk yalei. Hutlha hoini, "khyum, khrum, phnei, phyou, phrul" (consonant khyumtam), "kh´ngou" ari consonant phlitam hoiyanungkhi syllabic break hoibi syllable khnitam phalei. Anak consonantrap aya consonant cluster toubi ung.



Consonantni klui syllable heiya closed syllable toubikhi ung. Maringa tloura om, ip, kul, kum anakshiya closed syllable toubi ung. Vowelni klui syllable heiya kani open syllable toubi ung. Maringa tloura moi, khna, khao, bi anakshiya open syllable toubi ung.



Syllable aya hannuikhi lim khyumtam thukni simthutbi khoulei. Heirapri:
(1) Onset,
(2) Peak, le
(3) Coda.



Peak le Coda aya kani rhyme toubikhi mu´kna.



Onset: Syllable khatdei lamkri-yourina siruk heiya onset toubi mu´kna. "Kul" tou syllable arou kyao "k" ani syllable ayei onset.



Peak: Syllable khatdei rilra namyerrouwei hou chouni myekpha, syllable heiyei nucleus heiya peak ung. Maringa tloura "bam, khat, hil, hul" anakshira o, a, i, u aya peak syllable toubi ung.



Coda: Syllable khatdei "peak" heiyei hilra hung hou heiya coda toubi ung. Maringa tloura "shok, kheen, thang, klal, chan" arou k, n, ng, l, n aya coda toubi ung.



Syllable namyerei peak ari suimakni yaomak yamak. Onset le Coda ri kyaokhi leilei, yaomakhi leilei.



Hutlha:
Onset + Peak = hi, pu, bu, bi, hu, ha
Peak = a, o
Onset + Peak + Coda = dik, din, dan, yen
Peak + Coda = uk, un, an, om, on

Churnung lhou: Q1. Syllable kouya ungo? Q2. Syllable khatdei nucleus kouya ungo? Q3. Releasing consonant le Arresting consonantyei khit´kna myelo. Q4. Marginal le Syllabic consonant kouya mu´knawo? Q5. Maringa tloura syllable simnanung consonant kounakbil lhâk kyawo? Hutlha myebi pilak. Q6. Open syllable le Closed syllable khitâkna kouwo? Q7. Syllable yei lim khyumtam kou kouwo? Hutlha myelak.

Wai 3:WORD FORMATION IN MARING

Root:
Tlou khatdei rilra namyerouwei lilkhoi artha ur heiya root toubi ung. Root heirou doplhâk (maryomlhâk) tlou nimanung tlou-tum heiya affix toubi ung. Maringa tloura "Marnomak" toubi yunyeinung "marno" ani root hoilei, ngamri ani lilkhoi artha urbi leilei. Heitoubi "mak" ani affix hoilei, ngamri ani root "marno" arou maryomlhâklei.



Rootri aitamtomkhi tlou hoini mayung mani heiya affixri root nimanung basera maryomlhâkbi leimak yamak. Tlou khatrou affixrap doplhâk kya root nimanung root+affix heiya base toubi ung.



Hutlha: Duiyeimantrangchi tou tlou aya thiyase:-



Root aya kani khnitam thukni khaithut yalei. Heirap heiri:
1). Free Root
2). Bound Root



Free Root: Free rootrapri pure noun, pronoun, time adverbial, numeralrap arime.
Pure nouns -Thimi, Ya, Mli, Khwa, Par.
Pronouns -Kei, Nang, A
Time adverbials -Angtu, Angi, Ninga, Tuinung, Tiya
Numerals -Khyum, Phli, Phanga, Thruk.



Bound Root: Bound rootrapri Particle prefix nimanung suffix yaomakni aitam mayung manimak.
-Pa : Apa, Patul, Patang, Pamo, Pater.
-Nu : Nuwi, Nucha, Nutang, Nuto, Nuter, Minu.
-Ma : Marao (Mrao), Malungshi, Masu, Mayung.
-Ka : Kalah (Klah), Kamu (Kmu), Kameh (Kmeh).



Maringa tloura bound rootrapbei form-class (parts of speech) muchangmak. Dourei pi "pa, nu, ma, ka" arou kani form-class muchangmaklei. Heiya boun rootrap heirou doplhâk affixrap heiyei hilthungni form-class muyer manilei. Dourei pi tloulhângrap arou kani noun, verb, adverb anakshi muphalei.



Maringa tlou ari lhoulam khyumtamni lilkhoini simlei. Heirap heiri: 1. Affixation, 2. Derivation le 3. Compounding.



AFFIXATION: Maringa tlou ari tloulhâng maryombi sim (agglutinative) tlou hoina ngamrou affixrapni lilkhoini rui urbi klei. Maringa tloura prefixes, infixes kalhonni suffixes arapni maryombi Maringa tlou simlei. Root nimanung base nimanung stem arou suffixrap khatrouwei duini doplhâkbi Maringa tlou sim kya.Affixrap lim khyumtam thukni leilei. Heirap heiri Prefixes, Infixes le Suffixes.




Prefixes: Root nimanung baserapbei maibangra doplhâk affixrap heiya prefix toubi ung. Hutlha hoini Maringa tloura heitâng, heichur, heirui, wachang, hungchang anakshira hei, wa, hung aya prefix toubi ung.



Prefix aya lim khni thukni khaithutlei:
1. Pronominal prefixes: Arou tloulhâng khatdei rootra personal pronominalrap doplhâkbi simrou. Hutlha: Keicheem, Neicheem, Acheem.
2. Non-pronominal prefixes: Maringa tloura "heitâng, heichur, heirui, lourui, wachang, hungchang, yuktou, yukshu, yuksin, yuksim, yukchâm, yuklouthut, yukphuithut" anakshira "hei, lou, wa, hung, yuk" aya non-pronominal prefix toubi ung.



Maringa tloura hou thukmak prefix tha leilei. Minlhang hoini hnu, tlaini, tlou, tlaipang, tlaitam, tlak, tloubam, hlung, nunghang-hlai, yrathi, yrengcha arou kyao h, t, y, prefixrap ayei hou myekphamak. Aya voiceless prefix toubi ungrou.



Infixes: Root khatdei rilra nimanung tlakra doplhâk affix heiya infix toubi ung. Hutlha hoini Maringa tloura mui´knam (muinam), mu´kna (muna), nung´kngai (nungngai), chat´kna (chatna), muâkyer (muyer) arou "k" aya infix toubi ungrou.



Tloulhâng khat aitam leiyeirou kani sentence hoini yunthutdeise toulanung heiyei infixes louthutbi simrou.



Hutlha: Muâkyer - Na namyernung keini muyerchalei.
Mâlâkna - Nangle kei mâlnamak.



Suffixes: Root nimanung baserapbei hilra doplhâk affixes heiya suffixes toubi ung. Hutlha hoini thimiyei, moshilnung, kothilni, anakshi tloura "yei", "nung", "ni" aya suffix toubi ung. Maringa tlouwei grammar arou suffix ani lilkhoini rui urlei. Suffixrap ani verb heiyei lhou klui, luimak, tlou kngai, imperative tlou kounakya muyerlei.



Suffixes aya kani hannui khnitam thukni khaithutlei.



(a) Inflectional suffixes, heitoubi
(b) Derivational suffixes.



Inflectional Suffixes: Affixrapni root nimanung baseyei hilra doplhâkyeirou parts of speech mallengmanung heiya kani inflectional suffix toubi ungrou. Douwarap, marnothral, lailikrap, sipairap anak tloura "rap", "thral" aya kani inflectional suffix toubi ungrou.



Maringa tloura inflectional suffixrap asitoubi khaithutlei.



(1) Noun Plural: - rap, thral: Douwarap, Upathral.
(2) Noun Possessive* - yei, rapbei, nei, lei: Modunnei, Kothillei.
(3) Present third person- aiyei, heiwayei, heiwiyei.
(4) Comparative - dui: Choudui, tangdui, wardui.



* Maringa tloura Consonant, Vowel (pure le dipthongs) hilthungni noun possessiveyei suffix âkhi atoubi yrengcharillei:



Pure Vowel:
a = yei: Pawayei, namyerwayei, halpayei.
e = yei: Nuteyei, pateyei, pameyei
i = yei: Neiyei, thleiyei, tlainiyei, lhawaiyei.
o= wei: Momowei, pamowei.
u= wei: Yakhuwei, angtuwei.



Dipthongs:
ai= yei: Aiyei, kaiyei
ao=wei: Khaowei, kaowei, khangkraowei.
ei=yei: Neiyei, keiyei
eo=wei: Mitdeowei
ou=wei: Todouwei, Angdouwei
oi=yei: Thyoiyei, Amoiyei
ui=yei: Uiyei, Temuiyei.



Consonants:
p=bei: Thimirapbei, limrapbei.
t= dei: Khatdei.
k= kei: Ahakkei.
m=mei: Cheemmei.
n=nei: Modunnei, rungchannei.
ng=ei: Neinungei, khyingei, kanungei.
l=lei: Tlaipangpallei.
r=rei: Thirrei.
h=yei: Churchyei, borhyei.



Dourei pi arou yaomak dei dei tloulhangrou ei/yei lhâkbi yrengcharou:



Hutlha: Matthewei, Yuyei, Tuyei, Amosyei, Manojyei, Jacobei.



Derivational Suffixes: Affixrapni root nimanung baseyei hilra doplhâkyeinung parts of speech mallenganung heiya kani derivational suffix toubi ung.



Adjective Verb Adverb
Khrang Khranglhâk Khrangni
Lhangai Lhangailhâk Lhangaini
Chou Choulhâk Chouni



Derivational suffix ayei hilra hannuikhi inflectional nimanung derivational suffixrap doplhâk kya.



Hutlha hoini:



Root/base â Suffixrap
Chanâ Chancha â Chanchalei â Chanchaleihui


âChanchaleihuime.
"chan" tou root arou doplhâk suffixrap aya modality muâkyer suffixrap toubi ungrou.



Dong â Dongurna â Dongurnanung â Dongurnanungei â
Dongurnanungeisa â Dongurnanungeisalei.



Root/base â Prefixrap
Dong â Toudong â Hungtoudong/Watoudong.



Maringa tloura tloulhang khatrou "b" yei klui suffix khourilmak. Plural form heiroukhi "rap" lhâkyeinung suffix hei "p" ni luirou. Anakshini Maringa tloura hungdongna b/p hourou "p" ni luirou, d/t hourou "t" ni luirou. Phonetics thiphanarou 'p' le 'b' arou beimak mâlkna leiyanungkhi (p le b ari khnitamrek bilabial kalhonni plosives) [p] ari voiceless heitoubi [b] ari voiced hoilei. Heiniri tloulhang hungdongna suffix hei 'b' nimakni 'p' ni hungdongrou. Anakshini d/t arou suffix hei 'd' nimakni 't' ni hungdongrou.



Hutlha: Marnorap (marnorab toubi myemakrou), chutmakni (chudmakni toubi myemakrou), chorit (chorid toubi myemakrou), khat (khad toubi myemakrou).



Suffixrap aya hannuikhi ai-aiyei maryom tlourap heiyei kya-yamak hilthungni Nominal suffix heitoubi Verbal suffix toubi khaithuttholei.



1. Nominal Suffix: Nounra doplhâk suffix heiya kani Nominal suffix toubi ung. Nominal suffix aya kani atoubi khaithutlei:



a). Case Suffix.
b). Number
c). Gender.



a). Case Suffix: Maringa tloura case suffixrapri 'yei, le, rou, rouwei, ni, ya, ra" anakshini chnungni luirou.



b). Number: Maringa tloura khatrouwei dui plural suffixrap hei "rap, rul, yao, thral" anakshini doplhâklei. Chutmak putrapbei hilra "yao" lhâkrou, thimi chungni leinara "rap, thral" lhâkrou, ui-warapbei hilra "rul" lhâkrou.



c). Gender: Maringa tloura wa, ba, pa ani napawa/pa muâkna heitoubi wi, bi, pui ani napuiya/pui muâkna.



2. Verbal Suffix: Verbra doplhâk suffix heiya kani verbal suffix toubi ung. Verbal suffix aya kani atoubi khaithutlei:



a). Aspect marker: Verbrou "lei" ni doplhâklanung heiya progressive aspect marker ungrou, "la" ni doplhâklanung heiya perfect aspect marker ungrou, "rou" ni doplhâklanung heiya unrealized aspect marker toubi ungrou.



Hutlha: Chalei, Chala, Charou anakshi.



b). Mood: Kneeng nimanung kâpâm phungthut tloura "kni/ni, nilei" doplhâkrou.



Hutlha: Nuy thiâkni/ thinilei.



c). Negative suffixes: Negative suffixrapri "mak, makrou, makse, nimak" anakshini doplhâkrou.



Hutlha: Chamak, chamakrou, chamakse, chanimak anakshi.



d). Imperative suffixes: Imperative suffixrapri "lo, lak, nga, wa, lourilo, rilo" anakshini doplhâkrou.



Hutlha: Chalo, chalak, wachawa, wamonga, chalourilo, charilo anakshi.



e). Adverbial suffixes: Adverbial suffix arou "ni" ani verb kounakrou doplhâklei.



Hutlha: Khrangni, Lhangaini, Chouni, Mantrangni anakshi.



DERIVATION: Tloulhângrapbei root/base heirou affix doplhâkyeirou dei tlou lhaikhat hungyerkya tlou heitoubi yai tlakrei klei mri heingamrou kartâm heiya Derivation toubi ungrou. Hunghoi tlou heiyei parts of speech chutkur dawanung heiya kani class changing derivation toubi nungrou. Kounak hunghoi tlou heiyei parts of speech chutmakanung heiya class maintaining derivation toubi ungrou.



Maringa tloura class changing derivation bei dâkra myethutlei.



Noun (rouwei) verb (hunghoi)
Chan Chanlei
Pi Pilei
Mlân Mlânlei
Kmu Mulei
Beimak chap Beimak chaplei
Kalni chuk Kalni chuklei
Kalni chan Kalni chanlei.



Maringa tloura class maintaining derivation bei dâkra myethutlei.



Lahnang Klah-knang
Lâl Kalâl
Lungshi Malungshi
Mâng Kamâng
Ngai Lhangai
Meh Kameh
Mu Kamu



Dourei myethut arou kani mula touri tloulhâng khatrou affix khat nimanung khatrouwei duini doplhâkyeirou aiyei class-form (touri parts of speech) mallengmanung aya kani class maintaining derivation toubi ungrou.



COMPOUNDING:
Compounding akhi Maringa tlou simnara rui urbi klei. Arou tloulhâng le tloulhâng maryombi nimanung root le root maryombi simkhi yalei. Compounding aya kanre kandangni munanung lamkrini simple le complex tlou kouwo tou hei thiyase.



Simple words: Simple words ari root nimanung root + inflectional suffixyei sim.



Napawa - Napawarap
Mantrang - Mantrangdui
Kringpi - Kringpikhei.



Complex words: Complex words ari root le (khat nimanung khatrouwei dui) prefixrap kalhonni / nimanung (khat nimanung khatrouwei dui) derivational suffixrapni simlei.



Negative suffixrap: Maringa tloura "mak" ni klui tloulhang heiya negative suffix toubi mu´kna.



Yamak, hoimak, lhangaimak, karsukmak, manimak, kallomak, chimmak, nimak anakshi.



Bi mukyer suffixrap: Maringa tloura "ra" ni klui tloulhang heiya bi mukâyer suffix toubi mu´kna. Hutlha:



Tlakra, doura, tlaitamra, dâkra, maibangra, pangra.



Compounding ani Maringa tlou koutoubi simrouwo tou kani dâkra thiyase:



Râlshon - (Râl + shon)
Râlpal - (Râl + pal)
Thlungshim - (Thlung + shim)
Tarheep - (Tar + heep)
Khukarthil - (Kho + karthil)
Trankhal - Thangtrân + khalna
Wayui - Wa + yui
Shontang - Shon + tang
Heengyao - Heeng + yao
Heengbur - Heeng + bur
Heengtum - Heeng + tum
Wapui - Wa + pui
Warai - Wa + rai
Warik - Wa + rik
Wadee - Wa + dee
Uiwa - Ui + wa
Airân - Ai + rân



Dourei pikur aya kani atoubi hannui myethutbi thiyase:



Thlungshim - thlungei shim
Khukarthil - khowei karthil
Trânkhal - Trânnei khal
Shontang - Shonnei tang
Heengyao - Heengei yao
Uiwa - Uiyei wa
Airân - Aiyei rân



Maringa tloura dourei myethut anakshiri grammatical hoini myethutri yamaklei. Heitoubi Râlshon, râlpal, wayui, heengbur, heengtum, wapui, warai, warik, wadee anakshi tlourapra thyoi nimanung thya khnirek lilkhoini klou yalei. Anakshi compoundrap aya kani co-ordinating compound toubi ungrou.



Clipping: Clipping tou ari tloulhang khatya maibangra, tlakra nimanung hilra dantúmbi sim tlouya ung.



Nungkangai â Nung´kngai
Chatkana â Chat´kna
Mukana â Mu´kna
Mukayer â Mu´kyer
Muikanam â Mui´knam
Kalah â Klah
Marao â Mrao
Yikana â Yi´kna
Mayung â M´yung



Tloulhang khat aitam lhailong klei heini negative nimanung affirmative sentencerou lhâklanung aiyei lhang hei simchutbi lhâklei.



Hutlha:
K´chim â Chimmak (arou "k" louthutdurlei)
K´mâng â Mângura ( "" )
K´lah â Lahleiko? ( "" )
Mâlkna â Mâlnamak ( "" )
K´lâl â Lâlmak (arou "k" louthutdurlei)
K´nam â Nammak ( "" )
K´man â Manphamak ( "" )
Nungk´ngai â Nungaileime ( "" )
Mu´kyer â Muyermak ( "" )
Kh´ngou â Ngoubeng (arou "kh" louthutdurlei)
Kh´mong â Mongchim ( "" )



Blending: Tlou khnitam maryombi simchut / simthut tloulhang heiya blended word toubi ung.



Ramtrüng â Ramhang + heengtrüng
Ngaksilpi â Ngakpi + silpi
Tlaipangpal â Tlaipang + kapal
Darkhayam â Darkhatrüng + heengyam
Trânkhal â Thangtrân + khalna
Chanao â Chawa + naowa
Yertom â Namyer =/+ namtom


Reduplication: Reduplication ayakhi kani compound wordsme toubi ungkhi kya.
Manam-manam; Thikthui-dânthui
Himak-namak; Tera-tertrüi
Umdeek-wandik; Mucha-mumai
Sorsi-sorsa; Pangsa-leisa
Pongping-pongpang; Beso-bebal
Leso-lelat; Chanok-chanâk.

Churnung lhou: Q1. Root kouya ungo? Hutlha myebi pilak. Q2. Maringa tlou simnanung lim kounak phaleiyo? Minlhangbi myelak. Q3. Suffixes ayei lim kounak phaleiyo? Minlhangbi myelak. Q4. Inflectional Suffixes yei lim myebi pilak. Q5. Derivational Suffixes yei lim myebi pilak. Q6. Simple le Complex  words kouya ungo? Hutlha pilak. Q7. Clipping, Blending le Reduplication kouwo? Hutlha khatsol pilak. Q8. Dâkrei pi tloulhangrap arou suffix lhâkbi myethutlak:     a) Kúngku,   b) Khamput,      c) Ruikuk,        d) Tulkhang,     e) Tungka,   f) Pinglam,      g) Mungna,        h) Tântee,     i) Chui,     j) Lokthong,     k) Yuyso,         l) Hilhaksu,     m) Bethao,   n) Bebung,       o) Waitul

Contact the author at parshung.moshining@gmail.com


Tags for this post: Maring tribe,Khoibu Tibe